Desiree is interested in the relationship between caffeine consumption and hours spent studying at her university. She randomly selects $20$ students at her school and records their caffeine intake (mg) and the amount of time spent studying in a given week. Desiree wants to perform a least-squares analysis to predict time spent studying from caffeine consumption. **In the context of this setting, which of the following is true about the slope $\beta$ of the population regression line? ** [[☃ radio 1]]